Monday, December 30, 2019

The Case Against Bullying in Schools Essay - 1297 Words

Turning on the news, I see a clip of two boys. The smaller of the two walks up to the other boy, a big boy, and punches him in the face. Finally, after much taunting, the older boy snaps, picks up his tormentor and throws him to the ground. Rewind to April 20 1999 and the tragedy of the Columbine school shooting. One of the two shooters, Eric Harris stated in his suicide note, â€Å"Your children, who have ridiculed me, who have chosen not to accept me, who have treated me like I am not worth their time, are dead.† Experts report that bullying is a serious and widespread problem which can lead to school shootings and suicide. Not only that, but it is dangerously underrated as schools and adults are not taking the problem serious enough.†¦show more content†¦In some school districts, Zero Tolerance has slowly become synonymous with we dont want to put up with any sort of nonsense. Such policies impose severe consequences for violations and, in some cases; this is doi ng more harm than good. Here are just a few reasons why zero tolerance policies don’t work. First, zero tolerance can hurt the victim of bullying. Let us consider this scenario: A child has been bullied for quite some time. Thus far, the bullying has taken the form of humiliation and verbal abuse, but today†¦ today it gets physical and the child is attacked by his tormentors. He fights back to get away. The teacher takes all the students to the principal who, upon hearing what happened, suspends or expels all of the students, including the victim. Under a zero tolerance policy he has no flexibility to consider the circumstances because physical violence is across the board unacceptable. â€Å"Time after time, as student and teacher, I had seen kids get punished when they tried to defend themselves after repeated abuse that was committed with impunity.† (Hughes 43). Secondly, zero tolerance policies can take away a classroom teachers autonomy to settle minor incidents and prevent bullying. For example: A kindergarten class is having free play. Whilst playing, a little boy says to another Im going to kill you. The teacher would really like to take the opportunity to use this as a teachingShow MoreRelatedBullying Should Be Addressed For The Proper Development Of Children1347 Words   |  6 PagesBullying is a very strong word to all the people around the world but some time people may not know if they are bullying other people. Bullying to all of us means something different. This is why I consider it very hard to judge and punish bullying as definitely what is bullying? Is bullying when you just fight with a kid or simply insult him and he insults you back, is it when you tease him for something he does, or is it when you take things from him without his permission is that bullying? StudiesRead MoreCauses And Solutions Of Bullying1695 Words   |  7 Pagesof and Solutions to Bullying Introduction Bullying is a purposeful attempt by an individual to control others through verbal, physical, or emotional abuse. Although the practice has been in the American society for long, the recent statistics, especially in learning institutions and workplaces, are worrying. About 27.8 percent of school-going children are affected by bullying each year, with approximately 160,000 of them staying at home every day. They experience poor school adjustment, depressionRead MoreEssay about Schools and Parents Must Be Held Accountable for Bullying1709 Words   |  7 Pages Bullying and cyber-bullying have increased tremendously in past six years. With the increased popularity of Facebook, bullies are finding a new way of tormenting victims. Suicide is the third leading cause of death in teens, with bullying being one of the leading causes. Legal standings on who is accountable have not been clear and when cases are brought forth the infrequent use of laws holding parents and schools responsible is glaring. It is time to make bigger strides on holding parents and schoolRead MoreBullying And The School A Safer Place913 Words   |  4 Pagesto stop bullying, it says that to stop bullying people need to have a good education. Bullying is the act of aggressive and continuous behavior against a weaker person that leads to physical and/or mental injuries. Most of bullying cases occur during childhood and in school years; this makes a kid to be afraid of going to school and not seizing the opportunity of having a good education. To stop this serious problem schools must take action on an anti-bullying campaign and make the school a saferRead MoreTorts Laws Offer Compensation Individuals Harmed By The Unreasonable Actions Of Others1311 Words   |  6 Pageseducation-related cases, the most common TORT is negligence. Recently, several cases have occurred whereby negligence and bullying are interconnected with students suing their schools for failing to enforce anti-bullying policies and causing injury to their well being. A current case includes Maya Williams suing her former high school for negligence in regards to the enforcement of their anti-bullying policy. By looking into a precedent case, elements of negligence, and how bullying affects a studentRead MoreA Treatment of Solutions to Bullying in Schools Essay1177 Words   |  5 PagesBullying has always been present within the United States. Although the issue has been around for a long time, it continues to grow and become more of problem. It is said that about 160,000 children within the United States are refusing to go to school because of bullying. Another statistic is that within American schools alone, there are an estimated 2.1 billion bullies and 2.7 billion victims (Dan Olewus, MBNBD). The numbers presented here are outrageous and although there are organizations toRead MoreSchool Bullying: An Analysis and Recommendations1765 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿School Bullying As we become more educated as a society, we become more aware and willing to admit that the incidents of bullying are indeed damaging; the explanation that kids will be kids and that torment between children is just another aspect of growing up simply does not suffice any more as an acceptable answer for bad behavior. Furthermore, there is much evidence to suggest that bullying is on the rise. Peer abuse has always existed at school, but the kinds of kids who are harassing othersRead MoreThe Violence Of The Columbine Shooting1143 Words   |  5 Pageswent to their school in Littleton, CO. They preceded to kill 12 and injure 21 students and faculty before killing themselves. Columbine shooting is infamous as one of the worst school shootings in US history. Harris and Klebold were known as outcasts and were ridiculed regularly. It has been said that they were out for revenge on the school for being mistreated (New York Daily). This extreme case is the cause of a broken psyche due to repeated blows from peers. â€Å"Harassment and bullying have been linkedRead MoreBullying: A Little too Far? Essay1296 Words   |  6 Pagesdecades bullying has been nothing more than what the average child experience it was almost just a part of growing up. Starting from the elementary school playground next the middle school locker room and finally high school hall ways. Society has only pushed it to the side as a minor problem, prompting kids to face their bully forcing the bully to say sorry and forcing victims to accept the apology with the given of options A. be friends or B. stay away. Unfortunately this 21st century â€Å"bullying† hasRead MoreBullying And Its Impact On Bullying973 Words   |  4 Pages In example #2 of the bullying cases in which the female middle school student committed suicide after being harassed by her peers over a â€Å"sexting† photo, the school demonstrated significant incompetence in both government anti-bullying protocols as well as legal, moral, and ethical imperatives based on bullying research in the field of school psychology. This is shown by the exclusive focus on the student’s sexting photo and not on the later acts of bullying and their psychological implications

Sunday, December 22, 2019

Socrates and Civil Obecience or Disobedience - 1538 Words

Essay: A Discussion on whether or not I believe that Socrates’ views in the Crito contradict his views expressed in the Apology. My position: I am in disagreement with this statement and my analysis, based on contextual evidence, is as follows: Although I could argue the question posited above from either position, as many have done before and, as many will continue to do after me, I do not believe that Socrates waivers in his beliefs between the two accounts according to Plato. The contradiction, it seems, focuses on whether or not Socrates is a proponent of civil (dis)obedience, and the apparent conflict between the two works revolves around passages from the Apology, that seem to be in opposition to his stated†¦show more content†¦To further bolster his position, Socrates does not fail to point out to the jury that these other men are applauded for doing such â€Å"service† to the city of Athens when he states, â€Å"Each of these men can go to any city and persuade the young, who can keep company with any one of their own fellow citizens they want without paying†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.pay them a fee, and be grateful to them besides† (Apology 19e-20a). Since there does not seem to be a legal problem with them, and they have not been accused of these crimes, Socrates should not even be standing trial on what is clearly trumped up charges, and â€Å"attempting to have a man executed unjustly†(Apology 30d). A side from what seems to be Socrates overt contempt for the rulings of the courts, as stated in the above mentioned examples, there are numerous other examples in the Apology defending my belief that Socrates views, compliance of Athenian law, are consistent throughout both works in question. In a passage located in (19a) of the Apology, Socrates not only refutes the charges against him regarding his proported atheism but summarily solidifies his position as one who clearly is concerned with obeying the law. In this passage he states, â€Å"Even so, let the matter proceed as the god may wish, but I must obey the law and make my defense.† In yet another example, Socrates describes a situation in the past where he served as a member of the council, where his

Saturday, December 14, 2019

“Geoluread” Free Essays

What makes oranges so great? Ever since I have memory I have known what an orange is. It always amazed me how a fruit could be so marvelous in the way it develops. As I grew older I started to do more research about them, and I came to a point of no return, I labeled them as my favorite fruit, and I decided that no fruit would challenge that. We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"Geoluread† or any similar topic only for you Order Now I am 19 years-old as of today, and I have yet to find a fruit that gives my body the feeling of freedom, the same way the orange does. Starting out as a tiny seed, the plant grows stronger with time, mainly during winter. After the tree is fully developed, it starts to bloom with a distinctive white flower, the Azahar, that later will morph into the fruit I adore, the orange. The plain sight of this redundancy of both color and fruit gives me a feeling of warmth, makes me think of the sun at dusk, and sets my soul ablaze with the undying flame of its vivid pigmentation. After a couple seconds of admiration, I grab it, just to feel the rugged surface of this perfect imperfection. It matches the sand under the ocean, uneven, bumpy, yet smoothly rocky, following a pattern. The smell is not too strong, but I know better than to be fooled by the trapped scent bomb. Using my bare hands I peel the skin, and as I do, the wildly natural fragrance emerges, filling the room with a fresh aroma. This perfume takes me out of the room and teleports me to paradise, a place filled with birds and a waterfall washing away every sensation of loneliness as if the fruit itself was bathing me in glory and satisfaction. If you listen carefully you can hear the juice wanting to come out of its thin cage, squirting, as you reveal the pale interior of this fascinating object. The time approaches, the time of graceful charity, the honor of tasting the queen of flavors herself, embodied into a small slice of life. As I bite into the soft cell, the juice is released into my mouth, creating harmony at a perfect tempo. A rollercoaster of flavor, taking me on an elaborated trip, passing through acid and sweetness at high speeds. The rain of sour lusciousness takes over my mouth, from the very moment it touches my lips until the last drop drains down my throat. It achieves to give me a pleasant feeling, that of a child, every time I have the pleasure to consume one. No need to add water, no need for extra sugar, it is perfect just as it is. Whether you eat it or make it into juice, you do not require anything extra, just the fruit. The ecstasy of conclusion, an incomparable feeling of freedom, equivalent to an adrenaline rush, the moment before you fall from a high place knowing that you will be safe. All of these emotions confined inside of me liberated, leaving me with nothing but a smile in my face and the memories of how my mother would prepare orange juice for me in the morning, right before I took off to school. I go back to being a kid, I go back to be free of worries, I get to see inside of my mind for a couple of seconds that seem like a lovely eternity of calm and silence. There are simply not enough words to describe how a simple fruit can make me experience such strong emotions. How to cite â€Å"Geoluread†, Papers

Friday, December 6, 2019

Slow reader by Vicki Feaver free essay sample

At the start of the poem, the poet uses a list to show the boy’s wide range of skills. This is show in the quote ‘’make sculptures fabulous machines invent games’’. By using the dynamic verbs make and invent we can see that the poet clearly believes in the child impressive physical capability. Moreover the word ‘’fabulous’’ highlights the fact that the reader thinks that whatever the child has made and put together is worthy of praise. This shows that the speaker is very proud of the boy. In the first stanza alliteration is used to emphasise key points: sighing and shaking his head like an old man, it encourage the readers to think of shivering, as if the boy gets confronted with reading, he shivers with fear. When she describes him sitting on her lap with his book, she compares him to an old man who is being asked to cross a mountain range thats impossible for anybody to get across. We will write a custom essay sample on Slow reader by Vicki Feaver or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It seems to her that thats how he feels about being asked to read. She doesnt say that hes lazy or stupid. She just compares him to an old man presumably someone with lots of wisdom and experience who is being asked to do something he knows, is impossible. The speaker is obviously someone who has a close relationship with the child. We can tell that from line 6, When I take him on my knee. The speaker is probably the childs mother/ father/guardian. Its certainly somebody who loves him and spends a lot of time with him and pays a lot of attention to him. The tone of piece does fluctuate, at the beginning it starts with a positive but changes to a negative tone, but the negativity is a sign of worry and concern. In the first four lines, before she says anything about what he cant do, she praises him for lots of things he can do. She says that as she tries to get him to read the words in the book, he responds to them the way a picky eater responds to food he doesnt want. She says that when she lets him down off her lap, hes a fish returning/to its element. Its as if he were miserable and gasping for air when she tried to get him to read, but now he can finally swim free again. She also compares him to a young horse who acts as if reading were some kind of restraint, some kind of limitation that would prevent him from being his wild and free self.

Friday, November 29, 2019

Berenguela of Castile

Berenguela of Castile About Berenguela of Castile Known for: role in the succession of Castile and Leon; regent of Castile for her brother Enrique I Occupation: briefly, queen of LeonDates: January/June 1, 1180 - November 8, 1246Also known as: Berengaria of Castile More About Berenguela of Castile Berenguela was born to King Alfonso VIII of Castile and Eleanor Plantagenet, Queen of Castile. An arranged marriage to Conrad II of Swabia did not happen; he was murdered in 1196 before the marriage was held. Berenguelas Marriage In 1197, Berenguela was married instead to Alfonso IX of Leon, her dowry including lands were settlement of a conflict between Leon and Castile. In 1198, the Pope excommunicated the couple on grounds of consanguinity. The couple had five children before they dissolved the marriage in 1204 to remove their excommunication. Berenguela moved back to her fathers Castilian court, with her children. Berenguela and Castile When her father, Alfonso VIII, died in 1214, her mother Eleanors grief was so great that Berenguela had to handle the burial of Alfonso. Eleanor died less than a month after her husband did. Berenguela then became regent for her young brother, Enrique (Henry) I. Enrique died in 1217, killed by a falling roof tile. Berenguela, the eldest daughter of Alfonso VIII, renounced her own claim to the throne in favor of her son, Ferdinand III, later to be canonized as Saint Ferdinand. Berenguela and Alfonso IX - Battles Over Succession Berenguelas former husband, Alfonso IX, believed he had the right to rule Castile, and he attacked Berenguela and Ferdinand who won the battle. Berenguela and Alfonso IX also fought over who would succeed Alfonso in Leon. He wanted his daughters by his first wife to be preferred in the succession. Alfonso tried to marry one of these elder daughters to John of Brienne, a French nobleman and crusader who had been named King of Jerusalem. But John selected instead Berenguela of Leon, a daughter of Alfonso by his second wife Berenguela of Castile. Some of their descendents became Englands House of Lancaster. Unification Under Ferdinand When Alfonso IX of Leon died in 1230, Ferdinand and his mother Berenguela negotiated a settlement with Ferdinands half-sisters, and he brought Leon and Castile together. Berenguela of Castile remained an active advisor of her son, Ferdinand III. Background, Family: Mother: Eleanor, Queen of Castile, a daughter of Henry II of England and Eleanor of AquitaineFather: Alfonso VIII of CastileSiblings included: Urraca of Castile, Queen of Portugal; Blanche of Castile, Queen of France; Mafalda; Constanza; Eleanor of Castile; Enrique (Henry) I of Castile Marriage, Children: Husband: King Alfonso IX of Leon (married 1197-1204)Children:EleanorFerdinand IIIAlfonsoBerengariaConstance

Monday, November 25, 2019

Men of Athens Who Contributed to the Rise of Democracy

Men of Athens Who Contributed to the Rise of Democracy Way back when there wasnt a draft and people didnt look to the military for a paycheck, although they may have seen it as an avenue to great wealth. Ancient cultures, including Athens, expected their wealthier citizens to serve as soldiers, providing their own horses, chariots, weapons and armors, and reaping rewards, if they won, through pillaging. When ancient Athens needed more bodies for their military, they looked to ordinary citizen soldiers to augment the aristocracys cavalry. These soldiers were small farmers barely able to stave off starvation for themselves and their families. Being required to serve in the military might provide plunder, but it would provide a hardship because the able bodies would be absent when they were most needed for agriculture. Early Armies Manned By the Wealthy As long as the military strength of a country depends on cavalry, the nobles and those with sufficient wealth to provide horses have a legitimate claim to power. After all, its their lives and goods on the line. This was the case in Ancient Athens. And indeed the earliest form of constitution among the Greeks after the kingships consisted of those who were actually soldiers, the original form consisting of the cavalry for war had its strength and its pre-eminence in cavalry, since without orderly formation heavy-armed infantry is useless, and the sciences and systems dealing with tactics did not exist among the men of old times, so that their strength lay in their cavalry; but as the states grew and the wearers of heavy armor had become stronger, more persons came to have a part in the government.Aristotle Politics 1297B Need More Soldiers? Decrease the Qualifications But with the rise of the hoplite, non-equestrian army, ordinary citizens of Athens could become valued members of society. For Athens, the hoplite warrior was not the poorest of the poor. Each hoplite had to have enough wealth to provide himself the requisite body armor to fight in the phalanx. Know that this is good for the city and for the whole people, when a man takes his place in the front line of fighters and keeps his position unflinchingly, has no thought at all of shameful flight, gives himself an enduring heart and soul, stands by his neighbour and speak words of encouragement to him: this is a good man in war.Tyrtaeus Fr. 12 15-20 Rich vs Poor in Athens By becoming a part of the hoplite phalanx, an ordinary citizen of Athens was demonstrably important. Along with his military importance came a sense that he had a right to be involved in decision-making processes. [See Four Tribes and the Ancient Social Order in Athens.] War meant the small farmer / ordinary citizen had to leave his farm, which could fail and his family starve unless a conclusion to the battle in which he was fighting was reached by the time he was needed to work his field. [See Land Shortage in Athens.] In addition, some of the aristocracy (known as eupatrids) became wealthier than ever because an economy based on the exchange of commodities was replaced by coinage. The first clear sign of a new tension caused by the economy that developed between the eupatrids and the ordinary citizens was Cylons attempt to usurp power in Athens. Olympic Athlete Cylon, an Athenian nobleman or  eupatrid, was an Olympic athlete whose victory in 640 B.C. won him a kings daughter and access  to  the top position in Athens. He married the daughter of Theagenes, the  tyrant  of Megara [see  map section I e-f].  A  tyrant, in the 7th century B.C., meant something different from our modern concept of a tyrant  as a cruel and oppressive despot. A tyrant was a usurper in ancient Greece. Think coup detat. He was  a leader who had overturned an existing regime and took control of the government. Tyrants even had some measure of popular support, usually. [The concept is complicated. For a detailed look, see  Ancient Tyranny, by Sian Lewis.] Botched Coup Cylon wished to become tyrant of Athens. It is possible he had radical reforming tendencies that would have appealed to poor farmers. Even if he did not, he must have counted on their support, but it never came. Backed mainly by his father-in-law Theagenes threatening forces, Cylon attacked the Acropolis in Athens. Cylon thought he had selected an auspicious day, but his interpretation of the  Delphic Oracle  had been wrong (according to Thucydides). The Oracle had told him that he could become tyrant during the great festival of Zeus. Zeus was honored on more than one annual occasion and Cylon had made assumptions without adequate information. Cylon assumed it was the Olympic festival. Curse of the  Alcmaeonids Cylon lacked a broad base of support, perhaps because the Athenians feared he would be a puppet of his father-in-law. At any rate, his plot failed. To save their lives, some of his fellow conspirators sought sanctuary in the Temple of Athena Polias. Unfortunately for them, in 632 B.C., Megacles of the Alcmaeonids was archon. He ordered the killing of Cylons supporters. Although his supporters were killed, Cylon and his brother managed to escape. Neither they nor their descendants were ever to return to Athens. The People Get Fed Up The privileged  eupatrid  (aristocratic) few in Athens had been making all the decisions for long enough. By 621 B.C. the rest of the people of Athens were no longer willing to accept arbitrary, oral rules of the  eupatrid  thesmothetai  those who lay down the law and judges. Draco was appointed to write down the laws. Athens may have been a late-comer to the written law code since it may already have been done elsewhere in the Hellenic world. Problems Introduced by the Law Code of Draco Whether or not it was intentional, when Draco codified the laws, it brought to public attention Athens outrageous and archaic penalties. Part of the excess was Draco himself. The story goes that when asked about the harshness of his punishments, Draco said the death penalty was appropriate for stealing  even so much as a cabbage. If there had been a worse penalty than death, Draco would gladly have applied it to greater crimes. As a result of Dracos strict, unforgiving code, the adjective based on the name Draco draconian refers to penalties considered excessively severe. And Draco himself, they say, being asked why he made death the penalty for most offences, replied that in his opinion the lesser ones deserved it, and for the greater ones no heavier penalty could be found.Plutarch Life of Solon Slavery For Debt Through the laws of Draco, those in debt could be made slaves but only if they were members of the lower class. This means members of a  genos  (the  gennetai) could not be sold as slaves, yet their hangers-on (orgeones) could. Homicide Another result of the codification of laws by Draco and the only part that remained part of the legal code was the introduction of the concept of intention to murder. Murder could be manslaughter (either justifiable or accidental) or intentional homicide. With the new law code, Athens, as a city-state, would intervene in what were formerly family matters of blood-feuds. Greek Terms AlcmaeonidsThe Alcmaeonids were a powerful family of Athens descended from Alcmaeon, son of Nestor. Megacles, son of Alcmaeon, was the archon responsible for killing the followers of Cylon. Cleisthenes, son of Megacles, was archon in 525. Pericles and Alcibiades were other noteworthy Alcmaeonids. ArchonThe word archon is applied to certain officials who were in the time  appointed by lot and held office for a limited period of time in ancient Athens. One of these archons is referred to as the eponymous archon because the period of his archonship was referred to by his name. This is important for dating events in  Greek history.More on Archons AthensAthens is named  after  its  patron goddess Athena.  On top of its highpoint, known as the acropolis,  were  Athens important temples, especially, the Parthenon. Since the acropolis was easily made defensible with walls, cities, including Athens, formed around them, citizens gathering within in times of attack. Northwest o f the acropolis was the Areopagus where homicide cases were tried. The assembly met on the  Pnyx hill. The center of Athens was the agora, an open public  place, and market. EupatridsThe well-born or aristocracy of Athens. The /eu/ means good or well and the patrid refers to the father as in  patriarchy, so the well-born are well-fathered. HopliteThe Hoplites were the heavily armed infantry soldiers of the Greeks. It is thought by many that the name hoplite comes from a Greek word hoplon for a specific shape (large and round) of the shield  with a flat offset rim (itus) and two handles on the inside possibly invented by 700 B.C.More on Hoplites PolisIn the ancient world, from before the time of empires and modern-style countries or nations, political entities were cities and the environs. These cities constituted the states, making them city-states. The Greek form was the polis. ThesmothetaiThe 6 archons of Athens known as the  thesmothetai  were the layers down of the law.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Multiculturalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Multiculturalism - Essay Example The US population includes people of different origins and cultures who follow different religion and traditions. Therefore, evolving a system where various kinds of people live together in harmony becomes essential. The very concept of multiculturalism was brought in by the evolution of such a social system in the USA. A general concept can be framed that the association of many cultural models in civilized communities give birth to a commonly accepted new one in the absence of specific dominance by any of them. In many events, collective immigration to a particular province of the country can also force a situation in which a new culture is forced upon the existing community. The paper named ‘American Identity, Citizenship and Multiculturalism’ which was presented by Diana Owen, the associate professor of political science in Georgetown University in the German-American conference, 2005 mentions a term ‘melting pot’ which was used by the playwright Israel Zangwill to describe the process by which immigrants from different parts of the world came together in the US. This particular term denotes a process through which the distinction of cultures in the country would disappear in the long run by the merging of those distinct cultures into an exorbitant one. We can say that this process has taken place in the US for good though there is a possibility for counter arguments. On the whole, a unique culture has developed in the US subsequent to its long term multiculturalism policies. Modern world’s economic progress is doubtlessly connected to the contributions of multiculturalism in the reconstruction of political structure of many leading nations. The fact that a person of African origin became the president of the USA proves that multiculturalism is effectively working in the nation. It has definitely contributed to the socio-economic uplift and unity and integrity of the states. The 19th century was the period when the rate of immigration to the

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Villa Building and Construction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8000 words

Villa Building and Construction - Essay Example The bungalow will be of plinth area of 6800 sq ft, accommodating 4 bedrooms, two in the ground floor of 21.5 ft x 23 ft and 19.5 ft x 20 ft dimensions and two in the first floor of 21 ft x 23 ft and 19.5 x 20 ft dimensions, all with bath, closets attached, Great Room - Living, Dining and Kitchen of 30 ft x 40 ft , with two stone fire places, cherry cabinets and big screen HDTV,two wet bars with sit outs annexed, and a basement area with provision for physical work out and indoor games. Project scope defines what the project is going to accomplish as related to its budget. Budget includes time and money. It covers project size, goals, and requirements. Should there arise a change in the scope, corresponding change in the budget becomes inevitable. For example, if the project scope is to construct the servant's quarters with a budget of $ 50,000, then the project manager is expected to do that. Just in case, the project manager is asked to change the specifications of the quarters, say, adding another room in the servant's quarters, then the project scope gets changed. The budget is also to be changed correspondingly. From these quotes, one can understand that Quality in any situation is meeting the user's expectation. ... In our project the following can be classified as cycled activities: 1. Think tank meetings, involving reviews and revisions 2. Building construction work, at different stages. 1.04 Typical non-cycled activities Typical non cycled activities in our project are 1. Buying of land for construction of villa 2. Buying of furnishings at the final stage. Complete the following questions: 1.05 Describe the following broad project objectives: Scope. Project scope defines what the project is going to accomplish as related to its budget. Budget includes time and money. It covers project size, goals, and requirements. Should there arise a change in the scope, corresponding change in the budget becomes inevitable. For example, if the project scope is to construct the servant's quarters with a budget of $ 50,000, then the project manager is expected to do that. Just in case, the project manager is asked to change the specifications of the quarters, say, adding another room in the servant's quarters, then the project scope gets changed. The budget is also to be changed correspondingly. Scope of this project is to build a Villa of 6800 sq ft plinth area, on a budgeted cost of $ 3,000,000 to be completed in 17 months. Quality "Quality is fitness for use" - J.M. Juran "Quality is meeting or exceeding customer expectations at a cost that represents a value to them." - H. James Harrington "Quality should be defined as surpassing customer needs and expectations throughout the life of the product." - Howard Gitlow and Shelley Gitlow [Neville Turbit, (Sept 2004) 08-03-2009()] From these quotes, one can understand that Quality in any situation is meeting the user's expectation. If one

Monday, November 18, 2019

Apperendi V. New Jersey Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Apperendi V. New Jersey - Assignment Example However, he later retracted the statement. During trial, the judge found that the crimes were racially motivated since no other intention could be identified from the petitioner’s statements. The judge proved beyond doubt that apart from having an illegal firearm, the petitioner was guilty of racially motivated crime and gave an enhanced sentence of 12 years. The Supreme Court of New Jersey affirmed the decision. The case is important in criminal justice since it sheds light on the relationship between crime and constitution rights that cannot be surpassed. The petitioner violated the right of non-discrimination by racial biasness thus received an enhanced sentence. This case set precedent on future crimes directed at minority or generally racial motivated crimes. As a defense attorney, my submission is that the judge could not prove beyond doubt that Apprendi indeed committed the crime on racial basis. Due process requires that any arising issue that extends sentencing should be among the charges in the current case (Jones  v.  United States 1999). Consequently, the petitioner must be given a full hearing to defend his position so that the jury can establish beyond doubt whether the accused is guilty or

Saturday, November 16, 2019

The History Of Correctional Systems

The History Of Correctional Systems The correctional system is an umbrella term referring to a range of mandates directly executed or administered by jurisdictional justice institutions, which entails the castigation, management, supervision and rehabilitation of convicted offenders. These mandates are often accomplished through incarceration, parole and probation, while prison presents the most popular correctional agency globally. The system is alternatively recognized as a penal system because it concerns a network of institutions that are the overseers of nations prisons, alongside community-based initiatives, such as parole as well as probation boards. The system is notably a subdivision of the state criminal justice department, which operates in coordination with the police, prosecutor alongside the judges. Countries throughout, but mainly in the Western world exhibit entities, correspondingly, of corrections and related services, or identically named departments. The paper aspires to present an exceptional resea rch on the correctional system between Western and Asian countries, by providing a general overview, history, role of the department among other aspects. Before presenting ideal country models from the two continents; distinctively the US and Japanese correctional systems, followed by a discussion, and a summary of the entire paper. Overview According to Haasenritter (2003) corrections also involve an academic discipline encompassing hypotheses, codes, and programs relating to its purpose. Its intellectual goals involve human resources training, administration, and the experiences of offenders, who are the uncooperative subjects of correctional practice. Conventionally, the process was reportedly recognized as penology, meaning the study of chastisement for crime. The terminology shift to corrections took place around the 1950s and 1960s, reportedly spurred by a prevailing ideology focusing on rehabilitation. This was coupled with concrete restructuring of practices in numerous correctional facilities or prisons. Such awarding increased privileges to prisoners, given an attempt to instill a communally inclined atmosphere, and progressively, many detention facilities became correctional agencies, while their administrators resumed the title correctional officers. A correctional facility is where arrested offenders are nor mally detained and denied a number of individual rights, or incarcerated in relation to the formal castigation, as ordered by the state to be executed by the justice agency. The various conceptual but of analogous connotations with correctional facility involves penitentiary, remand and detention centre, along with jail, though in some jurisdictions some of the titles may pose distinct connotations. Suspected offenders who face criminal charges might be contained in detention facilities incase of bail denial, inability or reluctance to settle bail. A criminal advocate might also be detained while pending verdict, and if confirmed guilty, can face a custodial sentence obligating incarceration. Correctional facilities can occasionally be utilized as internment even to those who have not committed any offense, or as a political oppression tool to hold political convicts of principles, alongside enemies of the state, which is a common trend with totalitarian regimes as reported by Haasenritter (2003). A correctional facility notably involves institutional establishment and management of prisons. Verdicts imposed upon criminals normally include probation, bail and incarceration among others such as transitional sanctions, which involves house arrest or communal service initiatives, and electronic supervision. Nonetheless, the application of sanctions that can either require compensation or castigation presents the foundation of all criminal phenomenons, besides the prime objectives of civic restraints, and suppression of offensive behavior. Most detention centers operating in the Western countries when compared to their Asian counterparts often adhere to distinctive correctional codes as suggested by Hill (2009). Even though usually profoundly tailored, these codes define the nature of the corrections facility plan as well as security operations. The two basic hypothesis applied contemporarily involves the conventionally inclined Remote Supervision alongside the modernly inclined direct administration models. With the conventional model, officers monitor the convicts from rem ote alienated positions such as towers or safe desk quarters, as the modern approach positions the agents within the correctional cells, thus ensuring a more direct presence. History of the correctional system History of the correctional system is normally divided into distinctive periods. The ancient correctional history is often recognized as the period between 2000 BC and 1800 AD. This period witnessed numerous correctional events ranging from primeval Babylonian and Sumerian theories, to the emergence of the penitentiary model in America. But between these two practices, other diverse codes and practices were witnessed, with extreme oppression of offenders dominating the conventional correction endeavors. Primarily, a change from lex salica to lex talionis practice was one of the key developments in the early correctional system. Lex salica refers to a form of vigilante rule or mob justice where the offended individual or group instigates vengeance, given the belief that crime perpetuators deserves to surfer for their crimes. This stance presents the first documented model of justice, and was later replaced with lex talionis. The lex talionis models concerns the changeover time when ad ministrations adopted the vengeance business, under the notion that the jurisdiction owns offense as opposed to the victims or their relatives as noted by Unnithan (2000). Primarily, the lex talionis was exceptionally restricted to slaves as well as the less fortunate, but was progressively recognized as the main justice form. Secondly, historical records also indicate a change from physical castigation to emotional reprimand across the ancient chronological era, with primeval discoveries revealing barbaric torture equipments that were reportedly applied to castigate inmates. However, the change from the empire system to state administration signaled more reliance on flogging or whipping for both Western and Asian nations. Moreover, the inclination to psychological castigation was grounded from religious codes, but mainly the belief in natural law, a common practice in the Ancient Western nations. According to OConnor (2005), natural law regards a multifaceted theory, known as the ecclesiastical law that entailed the ceremonies together with rituals which, for instance, was used by the Church to translate Canon law. This implies that in the era, judicial practitioners had to pursue doctorates and be approved to serve as law experts, and such religious involvement in correctional procedures mainly assisted to reducing arbitrary and capricious state or jurisdictional practices. Nevertheless, the Age of Enlightenment that materialized over the Eighteenth Century ensured an even better acknowledgment of human dignity, and contributed to a drop in inmate torturing, as well as a shift and popularity of correctional emotional suffering. The period also witnessed the abandonment of underground to aboveground correctional facilities. The most popularly known underground detention base was the Mamertime of Rome, which boosted an extensive structure of dungeons lying below the citys sewage facility, linked to the surface through a large entranceway as suggested by Rhodes (2007). Historical documentation on the facility also covered crucifix signs that later became the symbol of the church. However, corporal punishment, such as body parts amputations and floggings was conventionally a popular Asian states practice as compared to the Western nations, though both regions reported prisoner torture, rapes, beatings, as well as execution. Death sentence in ancient days was considerably horrific, with the common approaches entailing fire lynching, stoning, beheading, disjointing of body parts through barbaric means, impaling, disemboweling, whipping and hanging. However, incarceration as the ideal castigation practice only emerged after the domination of transportation along with penal slavery or servitude penalty practices. Transportation involved deportation to a far away land, while penal servitude concerned temporary leasing into slavery, given a specific period of time (Liang Wilson, 2008). The practice became quite trendy with Spanish-administered territories, thus regarding Spain as the modern founders of the surface prisons known as the Spanish presidios with an 810 partitions, which gave birth to the contemporary correctional cells. Though, a modern description of a correctional facility requires solid doors, locks, walls, bars, as well as cells. Furthermore, a prison must have prison officers, guards, and taskmasters as well as cadre of attendants, to resourcefully implement a 24 hour control. Whereas the 1555 built London Bridewell became the correctional center in England, but Rome hosted the leading correctional designs that in volved vast, multi-functional facilities with distinctive individual cells. Comparing the correctional systems Numerous distinctions exist between the Western and Asian prisons with comparison reports showing diversities between correctional facilities and practices. For many decades, inmates were been detained in dungeons, sewer detention hulks, concentration centers and in gulags, boot camps, unoccupied islands, as well as in penitentiaries as noted by Feldbaum et al (2011). Though forced incarceration represents the most popular aspect of corrections, various nations have indicated promising breakthroughs to establishing options to convict internship. As per the fifth UN Survey of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice Systems (SCTOCJS), the key components of the contemporary formal castigation involve life custody, physical torture, temporary sentencing, probation, bails, and communal programs. In most jurisdictions, serious felonies are avenged with correctional internship irrespective of legal practice or developmental level. However, prison incarceration tendency differ widely between the Western and Asian nations with the US, and Russia leading in confinement population, while India and Japan exhibit the lowest rates as noted by Geraci (2003). The inmate population has expanded in most Western countries with leading once ranging from Italy, Holland, France, England, Portugal and Germany, though other Asian countries have also reported overcrowding in correctional facilities. In distinction with the US, which leads in punitive felony laws among the Western nations, Japan exhibits negligible correctional internship rates among the Asian nations (Smyer Burbank, 2009). Over the last four decades, Japan has not witnessed prison congestion. With minimal misdemeanor level, few criminals are convicted, showing minimal dependency on the system as compared to other developed nations, thus inclining more towards monetary reimbursement and communal sentences (Haasenritter, 2003). Correctional verdicts are short term, not exceeding 20 months. Numerous aspects restrict detention in Japan, involving civic prosecutors and judges. Besides the fact that about 90 percent of suspects plead guilty accords the adjudicators better ruling discretion, with a 1996 correctional report noting that about 80 percent of the citizens and convicts as well trusted the system. Human rights, regarding corrections, first emerged in the public domain around the 1970s towards the end of Chinese Cultural civil upheavals (Liang Wilson, 2008). The US and Western Europe takes direct credit for prompting global human rights movements. Until currently, Asian states such as China as well as Indonesia were quite underdeveloped as compared to the West, for extensive focus to be awarded to human rights besides potential infringements of such rights. With negligible Indonesians and Chinese seeking asylum in the West, they never attracted attention and hence nominal focus was given to the two distance nation, and archipelago respectively. Until the 1970s when the West only became infatuated with their cultures as opposed to correctional human rights issues. Over the 1980s, Turkey appeared in the spotlight for detaining extensive population of political convicts, and reportedly made efforts to free political detainees by the end of the decade. Whereas in 1962, Myanmar, Ge neral Ne Win assumed the leadership of the former Burma. Regardless of winning the Nobel Peace Prize in 1991, Aung San Suu Kyi the states leading activists has persisted to reside under house confinement, with extended oppression of opposition leaders in the country (Wu Zongxian, 2003). With espousal of numerous substantial accords to revere human rights, various Asian nations have exercised extensive political confinement, including China, Indonesia, India, Afghanistan, Burma, Iraq, Iran, and Israel, though other Western countries such as Soviet Union, Poland, Turkey, Greece, and Yugoslavia are also contemporarily guilty of violating human rights. As political offenders persists to prosper in the human rights age, usually as a result of economic, martial, and political associations between nations. Moreover currently, in advanced Western nations, there is insignificant industrious work for inmates, with the key basis being the disagreement of syndicate workforce and syndicate business to rivaling with penitentiary labor. As noted by Liang Wilson (2008), the international judicial system is faced with the problem of legislating global correctional codes. Most nations have experienced correctional congestion challenges, thus forcing them to espouse initiatives to enhance capacity by establishing modern confinement centers or acquiring other firms for correctional purpose since building new facilities is an expensive endeavor. The US has witnessed what is commonly known as an incarceration binge. Starting from the 1980s to date, its federal courts recorded 10 times higher rate of sentencing as contrasted to Holland, with even a more descending ratio among other Western nations such the UK and France. The US correctional system According to Smyer Burbank (2009), in the US, correctional system entails independent levels of confinement; collectively the county, or metropolitan administrated agencies that detain both locally suspected offenders as well as sentenced misdemeanants under a maximum of 12 months are known as jails, whereas prisons are state or federal correctional agencies hosting sentenced delinquents serving a minimum period of 12 months. At the national level or the Federal Bureau of Prisons (FBP) various departments involving Prison Camps, Correctional Institutions, along with the Penitentiary correctional intuitions are administered. With precise structuring of the system varying from county, state, and federal levels, the most common levels involve; supermax, administrative security, maximum, high, medium, close, security, low, minimum, and pre-release branches (Rhodes, 2007). Juvenile correctional centers are recognized as minor demeanor facilities and are specifically designed to hold pre- trial or convicted minors. While most Western and Asian countries have their distinctive justice approaches that can be used to make juveniles take accountability of their aggressive conducts. For instance, Canada may attempt to charge a minor as a grownup, and afterwards have him or her detained in a juvenile center until they surpass the age of eighteen, before being moved to an adult confinement setting. The US correctional system further administers a unit within the military department that is specially meant for detaining war convicts, and illegitimate combatants, who are individuals considered to be of federal security threat (Haasenritter, 2008). Such prisons might occasionally be converted into the mainstream facilities such as the Alcatraz Island facility, which was a civil war detention base but was later changed to an ordinary prison. While its psychiatric facilities or the Federal Medical Centers (FMC) also exhibits a similar correctional structure, especially when detaining violent or aggressive patients. Additionally, most detention facilities have psychiatric quarters meant for confining delinquents diagnosed with a broad range of psychological impairments. The 2006, global estimation of inmates was at 9.25 million, however, the 2007 US reports on inmate population rated it as the leading with over 2 million convicts, taking an annual $37 billion of the federal funds to administer. This year, Americas inmate population was approximated to be above 2.3 million inmates, at an annual maintenance expense of $74 billion. Observers and experts have also agreed that the US correctional facilities are contemporarily over congested with individuals being convicted at an alarming rate, with failure to construct new facilities at a matching level. Japanese correctional systems According to Hill (2009), the Japanese Constitution particularly grants protection from torture as well as oppression, inhuman, or humiliating correctional practices, while its Penal Code bars infringements as well as brutality toward inmates under illegitimate examination. However, reports by numerous bar unions, human rights groups, alongside other inmates suggests that police and correctional wardens have occasionally applied corporal violence, such as beating, flogging, as well as emotional coercion, to acquire affirmations from defendants in confinement or to uphold discipline. Hence the civic confidence has witnessed a drop in trust, as accusations persisted to indicate that the law enforcers and public security unions have been hesitant or lax in following up claims of police delinquency. The Japanese Constitution as well as the Criminal Code entails guarantees to ascertain that no delinquency suspect is subjected to a self-incriminating acknowledgment, nor charged or penalize d in verdicts where the sole proof against the defendant is his individual affirmation. The appellate panels have hence revoked some verdict currently on the basis of forced confessions. Confession is perceived as the initial step in the rehabilitative course, with the government pointing at the 90 percent of self confessions cases as the basis of positive standard of proof required to make judgment under its judicial system. Corporal restraints, involving leather handcuffs, persists to be applied as a form of sentence. Around the sixteenth century, as a result of economical demands and challenges associated with extensive confinement, besides prevailing codes of vengeance that recommended for capital verdicts or asylum for severe offenders, life sentence was infrequent. By the Meiji era which ended in 1912, the state espoused Western-model penology among other ideal correctional practices as well as legal organization. In 1990 Japans correctional system admitted about 47,000 inmates, with an estimate of 46 percent being repeat convicts, which was later attributed to the prosecutor, courts, and police exceptional influence. Previously, the Japanese Federation of Bar Associations (FBA) among other human rights organization have faulted the correctional practices, with stress on stern restraint and compliance to excess rules. While female and minors are confined in distinctive facilities away from male adul ts, with pre-trial inmates also confined independently from convicted inmates, though, its immigration confinement facilities are up to recommended global standards as suggested by Geraci (2003). Discussion Confinement has often been recognized as the foundation in a castigation structure that prioritizes retribution, prevention, rehabilitation and communal re-entry. Starting from the 18th century, Western countries have applied identical responses to delinquency challenges, with most of the ideals derived from a collective dedication democratic Enlightenment practices. Present reports also suggests that despite disparities in language, policies, culture, as well as customs, a substantial scope of comparison persist in the sentencing roles, processes, and the correctional choices that are currently prevalent between Western and Asian countries. However, the prevailing diversities in the sector between the two regions have been mainly influenced by religious beliefs, population, economical potency, and the magnitude of development. For instance, ancient Japan opted to exercise death penalty in order to restrain correctional maintenance expenses. One substitute of correctional approach th at has currently gained significant popularity across the globe is the restorative justice, which involves giving the casualty as well as the society whole again by re-establishing things as they were previously before the perpetuation of the offense as reported by Haasenritter (2008). In contrast, conventional noncustodial options have often involved bails, conditional or inconsistent confinement, probation, alongside work release. The main basic reprimands that are normally relied on to bar first-time offenders from confinement include probation among other models of communal supervision. Although, when aggression advances, civilians will fault the approach as being tolerant, thus community-tailored initiatives are perceived as remedial, as opposed to being punitive. According to Wu Zongxian (2003), the disproportion of current notions among regional policymakers regarding the bases of misdemeanor contributes to the clarification of the inconsistency in correctional trend and hypothesis between the Western and Asian nations. For instance in the US, and UK, lawmakers have proposed that transgression is the consequence of individual resolutions made by the relevant offenders. By overlooking most components of other theories, the policymakers have ushered in the use of incapacitation, along with more restraining sentences to stifle unlawful activities. Suppressing transnational crime is the greatest challenge to modern law enforcement. Developed nations need to help their undeveloped counterparts with expertise and training, in order to curb international crime which is mainly popular in the form of drug and ammunition dealings, human smuggling, terrorism, monetary laundering, and cybercrime. Even though criminals have no recognition for laws, the criminal justice departments aspires to adhere to a set of laws stipulated to defend the due process liberties of the civilians as noted by Boghossian et al (2012). Conclusion Today, all jurisdictions require a correctional system, to particularly help with upholding the integrity of the constitution as well as to enhance its potency to defend the society. The presence of the system is also critical to upholding the notion that there exist stations where individuals can be isolated if found guilty of breaching the revered norms. The rationale suggests that corrections serve to defend the community, assist in distinguishing the confines of conduct, besides enlightening every civilian on what is legal and illegal within a state. Most prevailing correctional systems assert the twin objectives of social security and equal sentence. Public defense is ascertained by designing a well-administered set of rules, facilities, and principles that are corresponding to and conversant with the judicial personnels as well as the collective social requirements. Finally, fair vengeance is often achieved by deploying various corrective and punitive practices to condemned cri minals that is presented in the form of humane protection, detention, and supervision.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Depression in To Seem the Stranger, Fell of Dark, Carrion Comfort, and No Worst :: To Seem the Stranger Essays

Depression in To seem the Stranger, Fell of Dark, Carrion Comfort, and No Worst  Ã‚   I believe that there can be seen a progressive deepening of depression throughout Hopkins' so-called terrible sonnets. The poems I intend to look at will show this, starting with "To seem the Stranger lies my Lot", "I wake and Feel the Fell of Dark", "Carrion Comfort", "No Worst, there is None", and finally "My own Heart let me more have Pity on". The first of the above poems shows the beginning of Hopkins' descent into depression. This is followed by "I wake and Feel ...", illustrating Hopkins descending further into depression. The depths to which Hopkins sank are shown in "Carrion Comfort" and in "No Worst, there is None". Following this, "My own Heart ..." represents the beginnings of an ascent out of depression, and into a more stable frame of mind. Although the order of the poems are set by the editors of various collections, I think that the above order is the order in which they were written, based on their content. The symptoms of the early stages of depression, that of paranoia, listlessness and feelings of isolation are recounted in 'To seem the Stranger lies my Lot'. Although in some cases, these feelings tend to be a result of mental imbalance, and have little or no relationship with external reality, in Hopkins' case it would seem that his feelings of isolation are in some senses valid. Following Hopkins' decision to become a Catholic, he came to be rejected by his family. This then would explain his bitterness: Father and Mother dear, Brothers and sisters are in Christ not near And he my peace my parting, sword and strife. To seem the Stranger lies my Lot, lines 2-4 This bitterness he feels about the gulf that now exists between himself and his family is expressed in the irony of Christ being both the bringer of peace, and the cause of the "sword and strife". The paranoia common to the early stages of depression is also expressed: Only what word Wisest my heart breeds dark heaven's baffling ban Bars or hell's spell thwarts. To seem the Stranger lies my Lot, lines 11-13 The alliteration both of the repeated 'b' and 'ell' sounds show frustration at his being not allowed to write his poetry. He transfers the decision of his Jesuit superiors to "ban" his poetry to being one of God himself.